Famous Pirates and their Flags

Notes of a Native Son - 1498 Words

Notes of a Native Son â€Å"Notes of a Native Son† is an essay that takes you deep into the history of James Baldwin. In the essay there is much to be said about than merely scratching the surface. Baldwin starts the essay by immediately throwing life and death into a strange coincidental twist. On the 29th of July, 1943 Baldwin’s youngest sibling was born and on the same day just hours earlier his father took his last breath of air from behind the white sheets of a hospital bed. It seems all too ironic and honestly overwhelming for Baldwin. From these events Baldwin creates a woven interplay of events that smother a conscience the and provide insight to a black struggle against life. â€Å"He had been ill a†¦show more content†¦All the children were frightened of the man. They only knew that he was a cause of unexplainable turmoil, â€Å"the child always became fretful and began to cry† (64-65) whenever their father tried to help or explain with anything. The father was known as a force to be reckoned with. He never failed to disappoint, intimidate, or curse a child for being as menaced as him. His father even distrusted school so much because of the white people who taught the schools. He didn’t believe that there were any honest people in the world at all. He completely disregarded all attempts made to help his family as well. It was his pride that further pressed the world away from him. It was as if he was waiting for life to be over and trying to remove himself from it all at once. A year before his father died, James left home. He was living in a world where he was hated and mistreated for the simple color difference in his skin. He pushed himself into predicaments he knew would make things more troublesome. He repeatedly went into diners where they refused to serve black men or women. He constantly put his life in the way to make a point to someone that he was unmoved by the simple signs and prejudices. It was however, that he would catch a couple of near death experiences for his unrelenting fervor to take a stand. One instance that relinquished the fear within him was when he threw a glass of water at aShow MoreRelatedNotes Of A Native Son873 Words   |  4 PagesNotes of a Native Son In the article â€Å"Notes of a Native Son,† James Baldwin explains how racism has an effect in his life and how he would deal with racism in his life. Mr. Baldwin tells three events that occurred during his time with his father when his father was still alive. Baldwin shares the story of how proud his father was before he died and how he was of the first generation of freemen. Baldwin also shared the story of the Harlem riot he witnesses. Baldwin explains how the white world wasRead MoreNotes Of A Native Son1335 Words   |  6 Pagessome broad similarities in life or make a difference to develop independence and make a lifestyle. In these essays: Notes of a Native Son by James Baldwin and Three Spheres by Lauren Slater are essays that give examples of events that are similar and different in characteristics that can occur in a person’s life in the growth stage. Notes of a Native Son’s theme is a Native American man with a family, in a City called Detroit where racial battles between the colors of your skin, white skinRead MoreNotes to a Native Son1226 Words   |  5 Pages1) From the last paragraph in the biographical section on page 51 that starts with â€Å"In ‘Notes of a Native Son,’† was most useful to my understanding of this essay because it gives a brief summary of Baldwin’s essay. However, the first couple of sentences on page 49 gave me an idea of what kind of writer Baldwin is: â€Å"took on the responsibility of speaking as a black American about the ‘Negro problems in America.’† 2) Baldwin’s father is a minister whom he never gets to know as a true loving parentRead MoreNotes of a Native Son1653 Words   |  7 PagesJames Baldwin, an american writer for his novels on racial and perosnal identity focus on civil rights struggles in the united states during the civil rights movement. Notes of a native son, written in the 1940s to the eraly 1950s allows the readers to understand baldwins first hand experiences during this movement, where he faces the consequences of racial descrimination. throughout the novel, baldwin explores the most obvious actions of sexual and racial descriminations in westernRead More Reviews of Notes of a Native Son Essay1238 Words   |  5 Pages Reviews of Notes of a Native Son Notes of a Native Son, a widely acclaimed and celebrated book by James Baldwin was subjected to many reviews upon its first publication. There were many opposing views between reviewers but almost all came to the conclusion that Baldwin’s use of words was extremely eloquent and intelligent. Specifically an article titled â€Å"Rage unto Order† by Dachine Rainer was very adamant about Baldwin’s genius as a writer but hardly did anything to explain or exemplify thatRead MoreEssay on Analyzing Notes of a Native Son1485 Words   |  6 PagesAnalyzing â€Å"Notes of a Native Son† James Baldwin is a highly renowned African-American essay writer who is best known for his ability to interweave narrative and argument into concise well-written essays. He had his first book published at the early age of 19 and has published some astounding literature during the time of civil rights activism. He succeeded himself to rise out of his poverty to become an amazing writer through self-determination and courage. In his essay entitled, â€Å"Notes of a NativeRead MoreEssay on Hatred in Notes of a Native Son1156 Words   |  5 Pageshatred for white America, Baldwin utilizes his narrative and analysis techniques to illustrate the destructive nature of the black society’s hatred for white society in â€Å"Notes of a Native Son†. The hatred many African Americans possessed during the 1950s caused multiple riots. Baldwin touches on this in â€Å"Notes of a Native Son†, by mentioning the Harlem riots that broke out during the time of his father’s death. Baldwin states that â€Å"it would have been better to have left the plate glass as itRead MoreNotes Of A Native Son By James Baldwin1661 Words   |  7 Pages James Baldwin, Notes of a Native Son (originally appeared in Harper’s, 1955) â€Å"I had never thought of myself as an essayist,† wrote James Baldwin, who was finishing his novel Giovanni’s Room while he worked on what would become one of the great American essays. Against a violent historical background, Baldwin recalls his deeply troubled relationship with his father and explores his growing awareness of himself as a black American. Some today may question the relevance of the essay in our braveRead More Baldwins Notes of a Native Son Essay2262 Words   |  10 Pages In My Father’s Eyes The essay â€Å"Notes of a Native Son† takes place at a very volatile time in history. The story was written during a time of hate and discrimination toward African Americans in the United States. James Baldwin, the author of this work is African American himself. His writing, along with his thoughts and ideas were greatly influenced by the events happening at the time. At the beginning of the essay, Baldwin makes a point to mention that it was the summer of 1943 and that raceRead MoreLessons Learned from Notes to a Native Son1731 Words   |  7 Pagesinfamous Jim Crow laws. In addition to being surrounded by hate crimes and riots, Baldwin had a rough relationship with his father, who died when Baldwin was only nineteen. Twelve years after his father?s death, Baldwin wrote an essay, entitled ?Notes of a Native Son,? which described the events that took place around the time of his father?s death. Being one of his trademark talents, he also inserted periods of analysis whi le narrating the story. These insights, often reflections on his life and actions

Clone In Sheep free essay sample

# 8217 ; s Clothing Essay, Research Paper A Ringer in Sheep # 8217 ; s Clothing Three old ages ago a sheep named Dolly became the biggest intelligence since the first successful open-heart surgery. Dolly, unlike every other mammal on Earth is an indistinguishable transcript of its female parent. Dolly has no male parent. The # 8220 ; miracle # 8221 ; of cloning was preformed by Dr. Ian Willmut and his squad at Roslin Institute in Edinburgh, Scotland. The new research has opened a big sum of possibilities for the hereafter usage of the technique every bit good as many ethical issues sing human cloning. The Roslin Institute squad created Dolly by reassigning the karyon of grownup sheep cells in to the egg of another female sheep. The egg had its natural karyon removed by microsurgery. Ones the new karyon was implanted in to the egg cell it now had a complete set of cistrons indistinguishable to the sheep who donated the karyon. We will write a custom essay sample on Clone In Sheep or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The transplanted egg cells were so cultured for a short period of clip and implanted into a female sheep to transport the gestation to term. The karyon of many different grownup cells were used in the experiment including mammary secretory organ cells, which were the 1s to bring forth the successful consequence. The sheep Born as a consequence of the experiment was an exact familial extra, ringer, of the sheep donating the grownup karyon. Though other mammals have been cloned before, they were ever created signifier embryologic cells, neer a cell of a fully-grown animate being. This research besides proved that grownup animate being cells do incorporate a feasible transcript of all the familial stuff needed to make a whole new animate being. Willmut # 8217 ; s technique is really hard and requ ires a batch of work. Because of this, it is non practical manner of making animate beings. The company who funded the research plans on utilizing cloning in order to make animate beings that will bring forth of import drugs in their milk, but at this minute it is non the best manner to make it. On the other manus, the hard method will likely be improved and simplified in the hereafter going an of import tool in biomedical research. Unfortunately, this new find opens the door to the moralss of human cloning. Most scientists agree that human cloning is incorrect and should be banned. It is now illegal in many states including England but remains technically legal in the United States. The US authorities refuses to fund any human cloning research and has asked that all private companies do the same. There are many ethical issues involved in the argument about human cloning including the fright that people will make ringers in order to utilize them as organ grafts. The line between cloning for research intents and for selfish grounds is really thin and many moralss commissions have been created to discourse and find the bounds to which this technique should be allowed to travel. Though the Wilmut technique is really complicated and requires a batch of work, the equipment needed can be found in any advanced biological research lab and it will be really hard to forestall physicians from offering cloning as an option to patients who need aid, such as the parents of a deceasing kid. Other labs have now confided their advancement toward animating Wilmut # 8217 ; s consequences and cloning may, one twenty-four hours, become every bit platitude as in vitro fertilisation.

Conan Doyle’S Stories Essay Example For Students

Conan Doyle’S Stories Essay The third story I am going to discuss is The Empty House. In this story we see the return of Holmes from the dead. Holmes and Watson then go on to solve the mystery of the death of the honourable Ronald Adair and the attempted murder of Sherlock Holmes. Apart from this story containing a mystery and the characters of Holmes and Watson, this story is completely different from the other two stories I have discussed. The Empty House is a biographical story, whereas The Speckled Band and The Man with the Twisted Lip are just murder mysteries. Unlike The Speckled Band and The Man with the Twisted Lip in The Empty House there is no piecing together of the clues. Holmes already knows what is going to happen; the only twist is that Colonel James Moran uses the same vantage point to try and kill Holmes as Holmes and Watson are watching from. In The Speckled Band and The Man with the Twisted Lip, Holmes and Watson piece the clues together to solve the mystery. Compared to modern technology we have today, in the era Conan Doyle wrote his stories medical, and especially forensic, technology was primitive. Whereas today we can test for DNA, blood, drugs, body fluids ect and we have UV lights that show up anything unusual, when the stories were set the most advanced aid in investigations were magnifying glasses. A good example of where modern technology would have solved a lot quicker than Holmes did is The Man with the Twisted Lip. When someone is taken into custody nowadays, a DNA sample and fingerprints are taken from the suspects to identify them. If this had have happened in The Man with the Twisted Lip the police would have realised that Hugh Bonne was actually Neville Sinclair almost immediately. Conan Doyles stories are very popular. They are thought of as classic crime fiction. Holmes and Watson make up the most famous detective duo in the world. Conan Doyle wrote the stories in such detail that you can imagine yourself in the scene, as if you are standing in the middle of a cobbled street or the grounds of a stately home alongside Holmes and Watson. Conan Doyles stories are so detailed that when Conan Doyle went to Egypt the police there were using his stories as instructions for carrying out their investigations. The stories were so inspired and original that the ideas have been copied so many times in television soaps like Eastenders and Dallas. Another reason I think Conan Doyle has been so successful in his writing is because of the relaxed style. For example at the start of The Man with the Twisted Lip Watsons own wife calls him James instead of John! For whatever reason, the Sherlock Holmes stories are among the most famous detective stories in the world and thousands of people around the world read the stories everyday.

My Diary Essays - 9, The Complete Hank Williams,

My Diary October 06. 1999 Dear Diary, What an excellent way to start off mt 13th birthday, my dog got ran over by a car! To make it better it was my own mother that did it. He was my only true friend, the only one that I really loved and cared for, and now he is dead. I hate my over-weight, hard-ball of a mother! It was her fault, all her fault! I don't blame her for not letting me have any friends over, she to ashamed of herself! And, I hate to say this but I am ashamed of her to. If people really knew what she was like, they would be ashamed too. She knew the only real friend I ever had was my cute little dog Marshall, and then she turns around and killed him! I HATE HER! I HATE HER!!! How could she be so careless, how could have she not seen him, he isn't that small. I don't know what I'm going to do without Marshall. How will I ever get along. I'll certainly miss waking up every morning, and seeing him standing on his hind legs at the foot of my bed, with his front paws braced against the side, starring at me with his big brown eyes. I can remember that his stubby tail would thump back and forth, and he lean his head over and lick my face and neck, with his warm rough thong. Boy did I love that dog, I'm going to miss him so much. I'll never find a friend quite like him, he is irreplaceable. Marshall didn't care about the way that I looked, whether or not I was smart or stupid, or even about the guys that I messed around with,( which is why my ape of a father resents me.) He never once put me down like everyone else. He loved me, and now he's gone, and it's all because of my mother!! I'm going to miss Marshall, but I know that I will never see him again, thanks to my selfish mother who let him run free while I was at school. She knew how much he loved to chase car. He always did do it, ever since he was a little puppy. But of course she didn't care. I'm never going to forgive her for this, NEVER!! Chrissie October 08th 1999 Dear Diary, I no longer care what I do, my own father calls me a sl**, so why shouldn't I live up to his accusations Just last night, I went out and did exactly what he expected me to do. I'm sick of him calling me a sl**, and everything else in the book, when I hardly even does anything. I hope that he's happy now, that I gotten into drugs and I'm trying to drown out my problems in booze, that should make him really proud. Oh, sometimes I wish that I was dead, so all my problems go away, and I could be myself and next get lectured on it. It not like anyone would care anyway.. Mom is too absorbed in her own selfishness, and Dad, he's just off in his own little world. The both of them don't even know that I'm alive, except when it come time to bi*** at me for something that I did. Nobody cares for me except for a few idiots that only want one thing sex! Sometimes I even wonder, why should I even care. It's not like I'm going to be anything when I grows up. My school grades are falling and I'm almost positive that I will have to take the grade 7 over again. That's going to be fun, that will make Dad even more happy with his little girl. I just don't know what to do! Nobody cares about me so why should I!! Chrissie October 10th 1999 Dear Diary, My house has turned into a was zone!! Ever since my 13th birthday, nothing has been the same. Whenever I return home from somewhere, Mom barricades herself in her bed room, and Dad prepares an attack. We never avoid each other's territory, because that would mean victory for te other. Our regular routine is tossing a few verbal bombs at each

5 Tips for Handling your Thesis Data Analysis - Proofed

5 Tips for Handling your Thesis Data Analysis - Proofed 5 Tips for Handling your Thesis Data Analysis When writing your thesis, the process of analyzing data and working with statistics can be pretty hard at first. This is true whether you’re using specialized data analysis software, like SPSS, or a more descriptive approach. But there are a few guidelines you can follow to make things simpler. 1. Choose the Best Analytical Method for Your Project The sheer variety of techniques available for data analysis can be confusing! If you are writing a thesis  on internet marketing, for instance, your approach to analysis will be very different to someone writing about biochemistry. As such it is important to adopt an approach appropriate to your research. 2. Double Check Your Methodology If you are working with quantitative data, it is important to make sure that your analytical techniques are compatible with the methods used to gather your data. Having a clear understanding of what you have done so far will ensure that you achieve accurate results. For instance, when performing statistical analysis, you may have to choose between parametric and non-parametric testing. If your data is sampled from a population with a broadly Gaussian (i.e., normal) distribution, you will almost always want to use some form of non-parametric testing. But if you can’t remember or aren’t sure how you selected your sample, you won’t necessarily know the best test to use! 3. Familiarize Yourself with Statistical Analysis and Analytical Software Thanks to various clever computer programs, you no longer have to be a math genius to conduct top-grade statistical analysis. Nevertheless, learning the basics will help you make informed choices when designing your research and prevent you from making basic mistakes. Likewise, trying out different software packages will allow you to pick the one best suited to your needs on your current project. 4. Present Your Data Clearly and Consistently This is possibly one of the most important parts of writing up your results. Even if your data and statistics are perfect, failure to present your analysis clearly will make it difficult for your reader to follow. Ask yourself how your analysis would look to someone unfamiliar with your project. If they would be able to understand your analysis, you’re on the right track! 5. Make It Relevant! Finally, remember that data analysis is about more than just presenting your data. You should also relate your analysis back to your research objectives, discussing its relevance and justifying your interpretations. This will ensure that your work is easy to follow and demonstrate your understanding of the methods used. So no matter what you are writing about, the analysis is a great time to show off how clever you are!

A Persuasive Paper Taking the Side of John Couey Essay

A Persuasive Paper Taking the Side of John Couey - Essay Example The girl’s body was found, after a massive three-week search that continued for several weeks, buried in a dirt hole, wrapped in garbage bags along with her purple dolphin toy. The cause of death explained was asphyxiation and it was suggested that Jessica was buried alive. Dirt under her finger nails and two holes poked into the garbage bags showed her efforts to escape from the bags. On medical examination tears in her vaginal area suggested that she was raped before being buried alive. Her hands were tied with speaker wire and according to the medical examiners she was alive up to five minutes until she suffocated to death (Schoetz 2007, Porteus 2007a). Hence, the evidence obtained from the law enforcing agencies and the medical examination of the girl’s retrieved body proved that Jessica Lunsford was kidnapped, sexually assaulted and then buried alive. The police investigation pointed towards John Evander Couey as the major suspect of Jessica Lunsford case. The jury and the Florida Judge sentenced John Couey to death for the rape and murder of Jessica. In spite of the prosecution’s accusations and evidences against John Couey, there were many loopholes in the case that suggest towards the innocence of John Couey. Jessica Lunsford’s body was found in a dirt hole near the trailer home of John Couey by the law enforcing agencies. ... Furthermore, Couey’s fingerprints were also found on the garbage bags. The wire that had been used to tie Jessica’s hands was also found in Couey’s home. According to the Judge, Richard Howard, Couey hid Jessica in his closet for several weeks and when was fearful of the police he buried her in a dirt hole. Couey was arrested and was put in the Citrus County jail (Porteus 2007a, Schoetz 2007). A Miami jury decided that John Couey should be executed with a 10-2 vote. Circuit Judge Richard Howard sentenced Couey to death, showing harmony with the jury’s decision (Porteus 2007b). The factors and appeals put forward by the defense attorney were rejected by the Judge and the jury showed through their decision that the appeals did not convince them enough. Nevertheless, if the case of John Couey is observed and studied thoroughly many points, evidences and circumstances show harmony with John Couey. The defense attorneys proved that the 48-year-old John Couey wa s suffering from a long-standing mental illness and was mentally impaired. Furthermore he was heavily dependent on drugs and alcohol. He also had a childhood history of sexual abuse by the boyfriend of his mother. John Couey was born when his mother was only 16 years old, living in four different homes before reaching the age of 10 and hence suffering a life of neglect and abuse at a very tender age. Defense attorney Alan Fanter quoted that Couey was a â€Å"life worth-saving† (Porteus 2007b). The defense attorneys wanted to prove in front of the judge and the jury members that the act performed by the defendant was a result of his mental illness and his childhood years spent in sexual abuse, violence and neglect. According to Fanter, the act performed by Couey was

Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP System) Research Paper

Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP System) - Research Paper Example Such advances are well catered by adopting the use of Enterprise resource planning software. The software records data that enables consumers to have access to the hotels website thus making planning easier. It is the case that has been used by the Fairmont Hamilton hotels to spur its growth within the tourism and hospitality sector. It is one of the most performing hotels of Bermuda situated in the city of Hamilton. It comprise of beautiful guest rooms, boasting of the uninterrupted view of the harbors. The proximal location of the oasis, the enterprise possesses one of the most attraction centers around the globe if not the world (Howard, 2004). The bars and restaurants are provided for in an open air that soothes it even more to customers as they enjoy the breeze while dining in their leverages. The social amenities are neither not left out, the pools and existing rooms are up to the modern trends that can influence any person to have a visit to the facility. It is an experience worth remembering if not a dream resort to any individual with the information. And to be honest, where I sit, I am flabbergasted and anticipating taking my chances one day. While to my colleagues who are wandering, I guess you should pass by for lunch or start the day over there with a breakfast may be you will have a story to tell. Hence, due to the attractive nature of the environment, customer number have risen over the past that the human labor has found it even more hard to deal with in the Fairmount hotels. But the technology has become so much available nowadays and why should the organization suffer or even tirelessly overwork the staffs when the solutions are at hand. As a result, it prompts the use of enterprise resource planning software that can aid in the management. ERP is a system that enhances information flow that can be used for various purposes through data generation. It provides for records such as sales, inventories, and web based that consumers can access

Article The Paradox of Samsung's Rise Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Paradox of Samsung's Rise - Article Example Samsung as well as most of the other Japanese companies have a habit of looking at outsiders with a lot of suspicion. There is a concept of life-long association with the company and a sort of emotional bond forms within the employees. This national as well as Samsung culture provided a lot of difficulties when Samsung tried to hire S-level executives from outside. The company managers closed ranks to the outsiders and even withheld information from them; making it very difficult for them to continue working at Samsung. Koreans and Japanese are very proud of their culture. They used to see the outsiders reluctance to follow their culture and language as an insult-executives like Choi-Chi-Hun who were outsiders but made special efforts to incorporate themselves in the Korean culture were more easily assimilated into the organisation than those who preferred to separate work life from their social life. The Japanese culture recognises promotion only on the basis of seniority and the number of years that have been dedicated by a particular employee to the organisation. Thus it was very difficult for them to accept younger people being recruited to senior positions-this provided lot of difficulties to the top management. Japanese and Koreans in general have high uncertainty avoidance. (Hofstede, 1991) They are threatened by ambiguity and change. They rely on rules and require a stable and predictable workplace. Variable compensation was a concept which striked at the heart of this core value. It was due to the hindrance provided by this national culture which resulted in piecemeal implementation of the variable pay structure. If the uncertainty due to a new policy increases too much –it was immediately dropped by the management before it caused major unrest. The Korean society is a high power distance society unlike the west. These types of societies are very hierarchal. (Roehl & Bird, 2004) The authority is usually

Organisational Structure and Different Types of Structures

Organisational Structure and Different Types of Structures Organisational structure and different types of structures Organsational structure is the internal, formal framework of a business that shows the way in which management is linked together and how the authority is transmitted. (Stimpson P. 2011) It is basically a framework used to describe the hierarchy inan organisation. Every business needs to have their own organizational structure as it helps in identifying the job at each level of an individual followed by its functions and it also assists in obtaining their own goals for development. There is a need for every type of organisation to have their own structure specially when it comes to large enterprises as it becomes difficult activities of the various departments and functions. Following are the various type of organisation structure a business can have: Functional Structure: Figure 1: Functional Source: businessmates.org,2014 This type of structure mainly focuses on the functions set up for each department of the organisation. It works well for small enterprises as each department is mostly dependent on the knowledge, skill and talent of the other employees to support themselves. It leads to specialization and efficiency in the performance, however on the other hand it can also lead to conflicts as it restricts the employee of different departments to communicate and coordinate with each other because of the boundaries of working in their own department separately. Product Structure: Figure 2: Product Source: tutorialspoint.com,2014 It’s focus is on the organisations product lines and this type of structure can mostly be found in retail stores which exist in a number of cities. Mostly large enterprises who have different type of products with their own departments and functions have this structure. Despite this structure being faster when it comes to making decisions, it can also lead to extra cost due to repeated functions for each product. Regional Structure: Figure 3: Regional Source: cnx.org,2014 Organisations who develop and duplicate department in various functional areas across the region use this structure as they want to focus on the local strategies of the area to keep up with the competition by studying their preferences and demands. Multi-divisional Structure: Figure 4: Multi-division Source: creately.com,2014 This structure is used for large companies which operate in wide geographical areas as the number of functions, employees and activities are very large. The benefit of this structure is that it is more specific and rapid but on the other hand due to the employees being in different divisions the communication is uneasy. Multi-function Structure: It mostly focuses on achieving the business goals as it diverse functional expertise to work together on it. Matrix Structure: Figure 5: Matrix Source: unc.edu,2014 This happens to be a combination of divisional and functional structure as it handles product line and functions together. Though it provides benefit of both structures to be in one enterprise it can create a conflict when it comes to increased costs and internal complexity. Organisational culture and different types of cultures Culture is compromised of the assumptions, values, norms and tangible signs of organisation members and their behaviour. Members of the organisation soon come to sense the particular culture of an organization. (Katrin O. ,2010) Organisational culture refers to the values, expectations and behaviour which hold the organisation together. It basically based on customs, beliefs and rules which develop over time. It also refers to an arrangement of the objectives and ideas made by the people in the organisation and is not only referred to the people employed in the company but also their products, services and the various process involved. There are four main types of cultures: Power Culture: This is used by most organisations where the power lies at the top level of management as they make the decisions. It is mostly suitable for organisations which have small number of employees. The relationship is adaptive and informal which leads to good personal relations. Role Culture: This is mostly found in large hierarchical enterprise where each employee has their own role to perform specifically. Here the employees work more close to their job description and are creative in their own way. The relationship is formal in nature. Task Culture: Here teams are made to complete tasks appointed. Every team ends up making their own cultures as they have their own authority to make decisions. In this type of culture teams are creative but on the other hand it can also be costly due to the market price being demanded for their service by the experts. Person Culture: This is more of an individualistic culture where everyone are allowed to express themselves and make decisions of their own. Compare and contrast two organizational chart of real companies The two organisations taken for this report are Nestle and McDonalds. I. Nestle Figure 6: Nestle Logo Source: consumerbrands.com, 2014 Nestle is a multinational company headquartered in Switzerland. It’s main focus is to provide health oriented food for its customers for a healthier lifestyle following with different varieties of products including beverages. They have products which are specially for people who are very conscious about weight gain, cornflakes that contain iron and proteins for the development of young children. It believes in satisfying its customers at any point of the day and all around the world as their products can be found worldwide. They want to provide reliable quality food products which will contribute towards the nutritional factor of consumers till the brand’s existence. (nestle.co.za, 2014) Organisational Chart of Nestle Figure 7: Nestle Organisational Chart Source: nestle.com,2014 It can clearly be seen from their organizational structure that Peter Brabeck-Letmathe is the main chairman of this multinational organizational. According to their website there are 14 members of the Board of Directors. Here the shareholder are the owners of the company followed by them having their own separately legal identity from the main owner. II. McDonalds Figure 7: McDonalds Source: logos.wikia.com,2014 Mcdonalds has been operating since the year 1948 which is more than 100 years ago, they have a well- established market through out the different countries in the world. McDonalds is the leading global foodservice retailer with more than 34,000 local restaurants serving nearly 69 million people in 119 countries each day. Organisational Chart of McDonalds Figure 8: Organisation Chart McDonalds Source: (Webcache.googleusercontent.com, 2014) Over 70% of McDonalds are run through franchise. It is form of organisation where a business who doesn’t want to sell directly come in contact with a franchisee to sell their product to consumers based on certain rules and regulations. McDonalds has a functional structure design. Big companies normally have this structure where the departments carry out most of the work. According to the chart above you can see how everything is structured along the lines. Their hierarchy starts from their Chief Executive Officer who is at the top followed by operating officer and so on. When it comes to comparing these two organisations they are both multinational companies with a reputed image among their customers. Both of their purpose of existence is to engage into getting maximum customers satisfaction as their Research and Development department is very efficient. On the contrary, Nestle happens to have a decentralized form of structure where the authority makes the decision through all levels of the organisation which means that their strategies and rules are flexible. Whereas McDonalds has a centralized structure where the top management makes the strategies and decisions that make the procedures and rules become rigid. Nestle has a structure in their hierarchy chart which is tall with a long chain of command. On the other hand, McDonalds has a flat structure with a controlling group at each level of their hierarchy. Followed by Nestle having a decentralized structure, it makes their rules and regulation flexible where the management have the opportunity to make changes in decision according to the situation. But in McDonalds due to lack of flexibility in their organisation structure their effectiveness and efficiency lack behind in decision making. The major difference between these two companies is that Nestle has a regional structure which is based on the different geographical areas. Whereas McDonalds has a functional structure in which different functions are performed by different departments. Bibliography List Books Stimpson P.(2008). Business Studies. Cambridge University Press: UK Katrin O.(2010). Organisation Culture An Insight in Organisation. Grin Verlag: Germany[Online] Available at: http://books.google.ae/books?id=FzUllf8R7ekCpg=PA5dq=organisation+culturehl=ensa=Xei=bwIkVMLgLM_laI_lgfAHved=0CC8Q6AEwAg#v=onepageq=organisation culturef=false [Accessed on 25th Sep 2014] Websites http://smallbusiness.chron.com/different-types-organizational-structure-723.html http://smallbusiness.chron.com/models-organizational-structure-3821.html http://businesscasestudies.co.uk/business-theory/strategy/corporate-and-organisational-culture.html#axzz3EKTLQhK5 http://www.nestle.co.za/aboutus/missionvision http://www.nestle.com/aboutus/management nestle organizational chart http://www.nestle.com/asset-library/documents/library/documents/corporate_governance/corp_governance_report_2013_en.pdf http://www.ukessays.com/essays/business/mcdonalds-corporate-organizational-structure-business-essay.php http://www.mcdonalds.com/us/en/home.html http://businesscasestudies.co.uk/mcdonalds-restaurants/the-route-to-fast-food-franchising/introduction.html#axzz2Cvd9clpf http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:04Rm2jifw7wJ:sfs.scnu.edu.cn/tblogs/chenxy/attachments/month_1112/p2011121145421.ppt+cd=10hl=enct=clnkgl=ae organizational chart of mcdonalds

First Inhabitants of the Great Lakes Region Essay -- North American Ge

The First Inhabitants of the Great Lakes Region in North America As archeological discoveries of bone fragments and fossils continue to support the existence of homo-sapiens in North America prior to the arrival of Indo-European explorers in the 15th century, this paper will attempt to explain chronologically, which Native American inhabitants lived or migrated throughout what is known today as the Great Lakes Region. This region includes lakes Superior, Michigan, Huron, Ontario, & Erie as well as surrounding U.S. state territories including Michigan, a significant portion of Wisconsin, small portions of Minnesota & Indiana, a small part of Illinois and the Canadian providence of Ontario toward the north. In terms of chronological dates, this paper will analyze the quaternary period, specifically the â€Å"Holocene epoch from 8000 B.C. to Present; the last 10,000 years † (Quimby 2), since this epoch involved the fundamental evolution of mankind to the present. It is important to realize that the late Pleistocene epoch had a dramatic affect on the migration patterns of homo-sapiens reaching â€Å"the Americas by 14,000 ago† (O’Brien 12), after large portions of North America encountered the last ice age, which through glaciation and glacial retreat affected the date of arrival and presence of indigenous people throughout the Great Lakes Region. Shortly following the glacial retreat of the upper Great Lakes region around 11,000 B.C., the flora and fauna in the region began to develop prior to and upon the arrival of the â€Å"Paleo-Indian tribe, circa 7000 B.C. to 4500 B.C.† (Quimby 6). Between this time period, in 6000 B.C., the basins of the upper Great Lakes became entirely ice free and moraines and depressions began forming t... ...indigenous inhabitants mentioned throughout this report. This led me to conclude that Indian life in North America was without doubt, altered if not completely destroyed of its dignity, prosperity and self-worth ever since the arrival of the white man to this very day. WORKS CITED Kubiak, William J. Great Lakes Indians. Grand Rapids : Baker Book House Company, 1970. O’Brien, Patrick K. Philips Atlas of World History. London : George Philip Limited, 1999. Quimby, George I., Spaulding, Albert C. "The Old Copper Culture and the Keweenaw Waterway" Fieldiana : Anthropology 36 no. 8 (1963): 189-201. Quimby, George I. Indian Life in the Upper Great Lakes. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1960. Ritzenthaler E. Robert, Quimby, George I. "The Red Ocher of the Upper Great Lakes and Adjacent Areas." Fieldiana : Anthropology 36 no.11 (1963): 243-275.

Personal Cultural Diversity Essay

The concept of globalization, which is the increasing integration and interdependence of different countries from one another in terms of economic, communication, and technological aspects, leads one to address the concept of cultural diversity or multiculturalism. Cultural diversity in the health-care system touches lives of many Americans in one way or another. No matter what our own cultural background is, when we go receive medical care, we may encounter a care giver who comes from a different cultural background than ours(Naylor 1997,291).. In the concept of cultural diversity, it can be recognized that two terms are equally important. The first concept is culture, which refers to the total way of life of individuals, and the unique characteristic that separates the human from the rest of the world of living things. It is said to be the primary means of human adaptation and the basis for the majority of human thought and behavior. As such, human beings create, learn, and use culture to respond to the problems of their natural and social-cultural environments, to control them, and even to change them (Naylor 1997, 3). The other important term in the concept of cultural diversity is the concept of diversity, which refers to variety. Putting the two concepts together, cultural diversity refers to the presence of a variety of cultures in a particular group or area. In this sense, the difference of one’s culture with another is being recognized, thus, emphasizing one’s individual unique characteristics in relation to one’s ethnic or racial origin. However, the concept of cultural diversity does not only refer to one’s difference and uniqueness in terms of cultural difference. This is because this concept also refers to personal cultural diversity, which refers to individual differences in terms of family background, values, personal experiences, prejudices and judgments, and socioeconomic class. In addressing personal cultural diversity, the cultural or family background of an individual must be evaluated and examined. In terms of cultural or family background, personal cultural diversity can be seen in terms of differences in the place of birth of an individual, the culture and values of his or her town or city, the unique values that one has been able to acquire, and the negative and positive experiences that one was able to have. In this sense, personal cultural diversity can be seen through the influences of personal xperiences that have been acquired and accumulated by the individual through his or her lifetime. Another factor to consider is the individual’s religious background or influences, as this would determine the values and practice of morality of the individual. This would also define one’s behavior and personality in comparison to other individuals. In addition, the religious influence of an individual, along with his or her personal experiences determines his or her judgments and prejudices regarding a certain issue. Another important factor is one’s social-economic class background, which refers to one’s income levels and lifestyle backgrounds. One’s level of income and lifestyle entitles one to develop different views and perceptions regarding different issues or topics. To sum up the points, it can be perceived that in order to understand the concept of personal cultural diversity, the different aspects of one’s lifestyle must be examined and determined in order to point out individual differences in a particular group or society. This is because each individual has different genetic make-up, thus, making one unique in terms of developing approaches in addressing the different problems in the environment. Work Cited: Naylor, Larry L. Cultural Diversity in the United States. Westport, CT: Bergin & Garvey, 1997. Naylor, Larry L. Cultural Diversity in the United States. Westport, CT: Bergin & Garvey, 1997

How To Rock At Relationship Marketing

How To Rock At Relationship Marketing At least 32% of business-to-business (B2B) marketers create more company-centric content than customer-centric. Yikes. Thats not good. Dont get me wrong- its important to have great content that explains exactly how your product or service can help your customers. But that sort of content will have its greatest impact long after your prospects know, like, and trust you. Another 27% of B2B marketers write more customer-focused content. Thats great. But there is something to be said for including company-focused content that helps your readers understand why they should buy your product or service after their first few experiences with your awesome content. Thats why the 41% of B2B marketers who combine company- and customer-focused content will win the sale at the end of the day. Heres why, and exactly how you can do it, too, with a little thing we call relationship marketing.How To Rock At Relationship #Marketing Like The Best Sales ProsYour Prospects Don't Care About You, Your Product, Or Your Service (At Least Not Yet) In January, my wife and I spent some time in New Orleans. It's great, by the way- a city full of music. While walking around town, musicians would spot us, walk over, and ask us to buy one of their CDs for only $10. But we didn't buy a single CD. On the other hand, we saw a ton of street performers actually playing their music. They were out, showing visitors like us their awesome talents, and simply had a guitar case open with a sign that read $10 a CD. Anytime we stopped to listen, we gave those guys a few bucks. Give your prospects a preview of what you're capable of with awesome #content.Think about those two scenarios applied to your marketing: You can write content that talks about your product and nothing else, then hard sell someone on purchasing it. Or you could show your readers a preview of what you're capable of first, show them you're a company full of talented folks, and let your content sell for you. I bet you can tell which sales technique  is more effective. The street performers who showed us a preview of what we would get by buying their albums gave us the chance to get to know and like their music enough to trust that their whole album would be great. Why Content Marketing Is Your New Salesperson While it'd be great if you could go out and meet every one of your prospects like the musicians (or salespeople) in New Orleans, it's just not going to happen. Especially not anymore- because people want to find your solution on their own without your help. In fact,  84% of folks prefer to  research  on their own instead of having someone do it for them. Their first experience with your brand is through  your content.  Your content needs to build that relationship. And that relationship cannot begin with a hard sell. And while some even argue that relationship selling is dead, their arguments even further the importance of experiences and relationship marketing.  Matthew Dixon and Brent Adamson take to  the Harvard Business Review to explain why "Selling Is Not About Relationships", but rather about being a challenger. The best  salespeople: 1. Teach their prospects. They focus the sales conversation not on features and benefits but on insight, bringing a unique (and typically provocative) perspective on the customer’s business. They come to the table with new ideas for their customers that can make money or save money - often opportunities the customer hadn’t realized even existed. Apply This To Your Marketing: Publish helpful content (the kind that doesn't just scratch the surface).  Participate in the ensuing conversation with blog  comments and social media. And create experiences people will remember long after first meeting you through content. 2. Tailor their sales messages. They have a finely tuned sense of individual customer objectives and value drivers and use this knowledge to effectively position their sales pitch to different types of customer stakeholders within the organization. Apply This To Your Marketing: Understand your audience and their challenges super well. Never be afraid to go super niche or narrowcast your prospects with your content. 3. Take control of the sale. While not aggressive, they are certainly assertive. They are comfortable with tension and are unlikely to acquiesce to every customer demand. When necessary, they can press customers a bit - not just in terms of their thinking but around things like price. Apply This To Your Marketing: The best salespeople "win by pushing customers to think differently, using insight to create constructive tension in the sale." Help your readers understand that they can improve the way they're currently doing something- even if they didn't know they could. Focus on customer value while pushing your readers outside their comfort zone to understand there is a better way. And I would argue that doing all of that builds positive experiences with your content. And that, in turn, serves as the foundation for a relationship. So, if the best salespeople build relationships to  sell, how can you apply those same practices  to build your relationship marketing? So, What About â€Å"New Age† Sales And Marketing Then? Pitches and cold calls are out. At least, that’s what some sales  pros  have been saying. Prospects are more informed than ever before when they make buying decisions- 84% of them, in fact. So, what is the solution? When Entrepreneur asked Tony Parinello that question, this is what he had to say: Let's face it: Buyers are more educated than ever before. What we sales and marketing types need to focus more on is understanding our prospect's world- and the best way I know of to do just that is to ask intelligent questions. Parinello  goes on to explain that those questions should be open-ended and prompt longer responses than just yes or no. And that we should ask and listen a lot more than adding to the noise. Hm. This new age stuff actually sounds a lot like what Dale Carnegie wrote about way back in 1936 in his book, â€Å"How To Win Friends And Influence People.† So, once again, it's about building relationships. And you can do that with your content. Here's how: Ask your readers what they'd like to hear from you. Ask your customers why they use your product or service. Listen to their big challenges on social media. Look at  the questions they ask you in your blog comments. Listen to the questions they ask presenters at events. Review your most successful content to  learn why your audience loved it. Recommended Reading:  How To Find The Best Blog Ideas That Will Have People Craving Your Content Give Away Your Secret Recipes Just like those street performers in New Orleans, you can give away the recipe for your secret sauce, and people will still buy what you’re selling. In fact, some companies give away their most successful recipes- very literally. Living in Minnesota, there is an awesome brewery I love: Surly. Those guys partnered with Northern Brewer Homebrew Store to share tons of their recipes so homebrewers could replicate their  beers. It takes a super loyal fan to want to clone a beer.  And guess what? When you brew your own version, won't you probably also buy that brewery's beer to taste how close you made it? From experience, the answer is yes. You would. And that, in a nutshell, is how giving away your secret recipe in the form of content will actually help you sell more. Giving away your secret recipe will actually help you sell more. #contentmarketingBy sharing exactly how you do things successfully, you build thought leadership in your industry. Relationships are built on trust, and when smart people see how smart you are, they'll want to work with you. If you give away how to do something without your help at all, your audience could do it... but they still might not have the time, knowledge, or experience to do it as well as they could when they have your help. Will Old School Sales Models Work In Your Content Marketing? There are a couple old school sales models that people still talk about. And they get  pretty interesting when you combine them with content marketing. Break and fix. This is when a salesperson shares something jarring, then something rational. Psychologists were able to convert 80% of study participants by disrupting their trains of thought with something out of the ordinary, then following up with something agreeable. Apply this to your content marketing: Show your readers a problem they’re experiencing now but may not even know about it, then provide the solution in your content. 1. Write content  that promises utility. Think of headlines that look like this: How To ___ That Will Help You ___ Or even this: 23 Ways To Get Even More From ___ To ___ The thing in common with this method, is that it connects the main idea of the content to a promise of what your reader will learn. There’s a reason our headline analyzer ranks power words like how to and that will so high: It's a promise of extremely useful content. And we know 34% of people share content simply because it's super helpful. Headlines like that indicate a desired state, too. If you do ___ you will become ___. We want to become better at what we do; it's human nature. When your content promises that and follows through- you've created a magical experience your readers will remember. Recommended Reading And Resources: How To Write Headlines That Drive Traffic, Shares, and Search Results Proof That Emotional Headlines Get Shared More On Social Media Blog Post Headline Analyzer Write Better Headlines With A  Free Headline Analyzer The headline analyzer  will help you: Use headline types that get the most traction for social shares, traffic, and search engine ranking. Make sure you have the right word balance to write readable headlines that command attention. See the best  word and character length for search engines like Google and email subject lines, while also seeing  how your readers will scan your headlines. Try The Free Headline Analyzer Now 2. Help your readers do something better- even if they don’t know they’re doing it wrong. Sometimes, it's easy to believe that just because you're doing something, it's as good as it gets. Take, for example, a blog planning process. If you have one, that's great, right? But what if there were a ton of ways to optimize that process to save even more time for every single person involved in the process? You'd be interested. While it might seem like every topic has been covered before, you can focus on creating content for those topics better than anyone else. Efficiency is doing the thing right. Effectiveness is doing the right thing. - Peter Drucker Like that blog planning process example, doing the right things is being effective. Doing those things even better is being efficient. If you focus your content on a common problem your readers experience, then focus on a unique angle, you are providing something no one else is doing. That's how you can help your readers do something better- even when they don't know that what they're doing is wrong in the first place. This is why every piece of content from the Content Marketing Blog is long-form: We don't just scratch the surface, but provide helpful, actionable content to help our readers become better bloggers and content marketers. Example Reading: How to Hack Your Efficiency with an Agile Blog Planning Process 10 Reasons Your Editorial Calendar Sucks (and How to Make It the Best) Why the break and fix method still works. It's the classic problem + solution = outcome model. If you introduce a problem, then provide a solution in your content, that's exactly what your readers are looking for. The outcome is how they'll do something better than they've ever done it before. And that outcome is made even better when they use your product or service. Foot in the door. This is when a salesperson asks their prospect to buy something that's relatively cheap, then asks them to buy something more expensive. But it sucks to ask someone to buy from you the minute you meet them.  Remember those folks in New Orleans who point blank asked me to buy their CDs? It's pretty abrasive. Use your content to build a relationship first, then ask for the sale. Use your content to build a relationship first, then ask for the sale.Apply This To Your Marketing: Ask your readers to do something simple first, then build up to something bigger. 1. Ask for a social media share first. 34% of people like to share helpful content, and 73% share content to remember it. It's easy to share useful content, and creating an experience your readers will remember is super important to help them get to know you. I definitely fall into both of those sharing categories, and it's really likely your readers will, too. Recommended Reading: Why People Share: The Psychology of Social Sharing How To Increase Blog Traffic: 5 Ways To Make Contagious Content The Best Place To Put Social Media Buttons On Your Blog 2. Trade awesome free content for an email address. Speaking from experience at , there is no better way to gather email addresses than this. Plus, there are dozens of tools to help you do this (OptinMonster, Leadin, and SumoMe List Builder  just to name a few), and they’re super easy to set up. This is just a little more effort for your reader than asking for a social share, because they are giving you permission to send them relevant content. This is an example of an OptinMonster lead conversion cookie. Read all about content distribution and get your free e-book. We call these cookies at . We give our readers something sweet for a bit in return. Various formats of these have  helped us increase our email subscribers by 90% in just 6 months. Imagine what it could do for your blog. Recommended Reading: 5 Easy Lead Conversion Tips For Your Email Marketing Program Why You Should Give Free Content To Your Readers 3. Provide a free trial signup (if you can). Just like great content hints at how great your product will be, a free trial is a preview of how much better your customers lives will be after they purchase your product. This takes a bit more dedication from your prospects. Think of time to learn something new, knowing an end date to â€Å"free† is coming, and making a purchase decision in a set timeframe. However, â€Å"free† is a super easy way to experience your product for the first time. And you can make that offer through your content marketing. 'Free' is a super easy way to experience a product for the first time.4.  Make it an easy purchase. Do you see the pattern of how you've  helped your prospect build up from a super easy decision (a social share) to slightly more advanced (trial of your product)? That gives your readers time to build a relationship with you through content. And as all salespeople know, relationships help sell. Now that they trust you, it's time to ask for the purchase. Really, this is an art of compliance based on social psychology. And psychology works for content marketing. Recommended Reading:  4 Lessons From Psychology That Will Help You Grow Your Blog Why the foot in the door method works for content marketing. You never know when someone is experiencing your content for the very first time or has seen your stuff a bajillion times. Giving your readers the ability to choose their own adventure with your content will help them create valuable experiences the way they want them to be. How To Get People To Care About You, Your Product, And Your Service I mentioned trust about a million times in this post so far: It's one of the most important parts of making a purchase decision. In fact, Mark Schaefer wrote an entire book on it. And Robert Rose and Carla Johnson  also published a book recently about experiences being the next game changer in content marketing. I dove deep into research to understand how to grow our blog with some core elements of psychology. One of the most interesting parts of that research was about the Psychological Foundations Of Trust. And trust only comes from building a relationship. Good relationships are based on great experiences. This isn't really new. But it is super fun to tie this into content marketing: Find commonalities between your prospects’ challenges and the solutions your product or service provides. Provide those solutions through helpful content for free. Help your reader have a positive experience with your content (tone, usefulness, not too salesy, etc.). Publish and share that content consistently to build expectations of awesomeness. Include useful calls to action in your content so when your prospects feel secure, they have the opportunity to convert. And that is how you can use your content to build a relationship with the 84% of people who research before ever calling you: Understand your audience, teach them, and provide a unique perspective with your content. Ask questions, always learn, and never be afraid to iterate. Give away your secret recipes to position yourself as a thought leader. Promise a solution to your readers' challenges- beyond what anyone has ever told them before. Provide multiple calls to action ranging from little commitment to purchase. Publish that awesome content consistently. If you'd like to create content that sells, get your copy of  the relationship marketing template to get started. It'll walk you through how to create educational content and product-focused stuff, too, all while helping you remember all the actionable steps throughout this post. Recommended Reading:  4 Lessons From Psychology That Will Help You Grow Your Blog

Rock Tumbler Basics and Buying Guide

Rock Tumbler Basics and Buying Guide Basically, there are two ways you can go about buying a rock tumbler. You can pick up the standard educational-toy model online or at most toy stores or you can get a hobbyist/professional model. Whats the difference? The Standard Model Most toy stores carry various takes on the same model of ​a  rock tumbler. This is a rotating tumbler that comes with rocks, grit, and some jewelry findings. This model is fun and can last indefinitely with proper care. Be advised that your choice of rock size is limited by the small rotor power and that it may be difficult to get replacement parts (e.g., broken belt from overweighted tumbler). Rotating Tumblers The toy stores carry a type of rotating tumbler, where the rocks fall over and over and over, polishing rocks in much the same manner as the ocean has for millions of years. I recommend buying a tumbler from a company that has been around a while, with an established record of quality and service. Eventually, you will need a replacement part; you want the company to still be there when that happens. Lortone offers several sizes of tumblers, some with double barrels.   Vibrational Tumblers Vibrational or agitating tumblers dont actually tumble the rock, but use either ultrasound or spin around the vertical axis. They cost a bit more, but have two characteristics that make them more desirable for certain users: they polish rocks much more quickly and they retain the essential shape of the rocks rather than producing only rounded rocks. They are a bit quieter, too. Raytech is an established manufacturer of vibrational tumblers (and other lapidary equipment). Size Does Matter ...and for most people price does too, so balance the needs of your inner rock hound against the limitations of your bank account. Tumblers are sized according to the weight of the load they can continuously bear. The most common cause of rotor failure and belt breakage is improper or over-loading of the barrel. Smaller barrels hold smaller rocks (no big surprise), so larger barrels can hold both bigger rocks and more small rocks. Double barrels can be used to polish lots of rocks or to ensure a really good polish (if you reserve one barrel for that purpose). Helpful Preparation Tips Okay, so youve selected your tumbler! First, keep the time it takes to tumble in your mind (about a month for a rotating tumbler/ week or two for vibrating or agitating types). Get vaseline to seal the barrel against leaks! Buy extra grit (unless you want to keep that as an excuse to go out and buy more stuff). If noise is a concern, consider getting a cooler or other sound insulator to house the tumbler.

Museum paper- art history Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Museum paper- art history - Essay Example These types of images were giving way to more humanist styles in forms of expression as images were depicted in a more optical style. These changes can be seen when comparing pottery currently on display at the Boston Museum of Fine Arts, such as the Panathenaic prize vase and the Amphora Depicting Oedipus and the Sphinx of Thebes. There are numerous similarities between these two objects, but with approximately 100 years between manufacture, stylistic differences are also evident. Both objects are classified as amphora, which was a type of two-handled urn that was often used to carry wine or water. These types of vessels were often decorated with scenes from heroic stories and mythology as in the image of Oedipus talking with the Sphinx in the later example (Skaar, 2006). This ceramic amphora was made in the red figure style in the city of Athens sometime between 450-440 BC by the Achilles painter. It stands approximately 13 inches high and is approximately 6  ½ inches in diameter at its widest point near the center (Bostom Museum). Despite the tradition, though, the earlier example seems to be more of a commemorative piece as it depicts five stylized runners and is marked with the words â€Å"of the prizes from Athens† (Boston Museum). This amphora is also ceramic and created in Athens, but is made in what is called the black figure style approximately 100 years earlier between 530-520 BC by the Euphiletos Painter. It stands approximately 24 inches tall and measures approximately 16 inches around at its widest point near the top (Boston Museum). Both vases have some damage as a result of time. The Prize vase shows some signs of damage and attempts at restoration while some of the pigment for the Oedipus amphora has worn away leaving some of the story of the vase up to science and history. The museum’s assessment of these pieces seems largely correct.

The History of Women as Teachers Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The History of Women as Teachers - Essay Example By the end of nineteenth century, women and men were present in many aspects of private and public life. In the eighteenth century, women were more of teachers as it suited their gender expectations. ( Thesis). Gender roles attitudes are shaped by the social and individual expectations of society. According to (Booth, 2013)â€Å"The codification or culture that a womans place is solely in the home has, since the middle of the 20th century, been losing force in many parts of the world†. It has been noticed that women were more visible as teachers rather than other profession .Teaching became highly feminized in the late 1800s and reason being social perception of teachers and women having evolved. Since many jobs paid more than teaching and women getting educated made them more prone to take up teaching. Male teachers were more from lower – middle class families. The low status of teaching as a profession in early times made it available for women. As per ( Wood,2013) â€Å"In the mid-1900s, females were thought of as being perfectly capable of serving as role models for all students†. The women were thought to have the emotional qualities suitable to work with the youth. Nurturing and sensitivity are not qualities attached with men and hence women were more considered for teaching profession. Students needed more care and emotional bond which was achievable from female teachers. Women were thought to contribute to the overall atmosphere of school. Women were more efficient in communication with young children and had more emotional bonding with them. They were positive role models for students than male teachers. Women being more patient, caring, gentle and sensitive were able to understand and cater to the needs of the growing children. The society has identified teaching is more of a feminine profession as her social expectation aligned with the requirement of the profession .Female

Design models of Facebook and Safari Research Paper

Design models of Facebook and Safari - Research Paper Example This research will begin with the statement that Google Chrome and Safari belong in the category of the client/server structure as they have servers that provide services to subsystems, which are clients. Every client has known how the interface of the server looks like but the server has no use knowing how the interface of the client looks like. The response of the server to the client and vice versa is immediate. The end users do not need to be involved in any kind of interactions with the server and therefore all interactions are limited to the client. The client enables the user to input data into the system and then takes over the processing of the data input. The use of this kind of architecture is to enable the creation of a user-friendly application for the client. The server, on the other hand, manages the data from a centralized location and takes care of the security of the database. This model structure, however, has a flow as there is no peer to peer communication betwee n the server and the client. Peer to peer communication is a necessity in this kind of structure and often needed. Dropbox, icloud, Instagram and Google drive belong to the architectural style of peer to peer where the servers and clients can be peers and clients can be servers while at the same time servers can be clients. Microsoft PowerPoint belongs to the repository architectural style where subsystems have the ability to access and modify any data using a solitary structure called the repository.

The Presence of Fear in Lord of the Flies Essay Example for Free

The Presence of Fear in Lord of the Flies Essay The presence of fear in Lord of the Flies Lord of the Flies is a relatively short book, but within its small amount of text William Golding is able to do much more than tell an exciting story. He digs deep into human nature and the natural corruption in peoples souls. He specifically explores the impact that fear has on people and how it makes them act. In Goldings eyes, humans are doomed just as the children on the island are, and that is because of fear. He believes that just the presence of terror causes people to overreact and lose common sense, tearing away at the bonds that hold society together. In an attempt to calm or soothe their worries, people end up separating, singling out others and letting their inner savage take over, leaving themselves in an even worse situation. In Lord of the Flies, fear slowly drives all common sense and civility out of the boys and brings them back to a state of savagery. The boys are scared from the beginning of the novel. At first, they are too excited about having an island to themselves to dwell upon their insecurities, but nonetheless they are there. The fear is not openly shown or discussed, but the boys are already subconsciously trying to cover it up. The boys do such things such as singling out Piggy in an attempt to make themselves feel more powerful and in control. Then, Jack pulls a knife on the piglet to try to show power and also to try to show immunity to fear, however, when he did so his face was white under the freckles. (31). Jack is already trying to act tough but at this point this cover that he puts on to hide from the fear has not reached nearly the point of savagery that it does later in the story. It is not until the first fire that the boys begin to openly show fear and even then they quickly change the subject. The cause of this realization of reality is that one of the littleuns disappears. The idea of making a rescue fire is so exciting that they let it get out of control. When the fire burns out they realize that one of the children is missing. When asked what has happened to the child with the mark on his face Ralph replies by saying Perhaps he went back to the, the-. . He knows what has happened, the boy was burned to death, but he does not want to admit it. This is like a wakeup call for the boys and they start to see the reality and the dangers of the situation. As the novel continues the fear is progressively growing in all of the children. By page 59, the fear of not knowing what would happen to them and if they would ever be rescued had grown to the point where the littleuns suffered from untold terrors in the dark and they huddled together for comfort. The littleuns were certainly afraid but had no way to really explain their fear or anything to blame it on. It is for this reason that they subconsciously create the beast. At first the biguns are too old and mature to believe in this beast. They realize that it is a figment of the littleuns imaginations and dont give it much thought. However, as their fear of being alone and not being rescued grows, so does their need for something concrete to aim their insecurities toward and to distract them from their real problem. This causes the biguns to begin to lose their common sense and to believe in the beast as well. Simon sees this, but when he tells the others maybe its only us, (89) referring to the beast; he is laughed off. The other boys will not even consider Simons ideas because they have convinced themselves that the beast is reality. As their fear grows so does their image of the beast, and unfortunately their savagery grows as well. This is most evident in Jack. When he is hunting he feels powerful. He is in control and he loves it. Hunting starts to become more than just a food source, it becomes his life. Not only does his hunting activity increase in frequency, it also becomes more and more vicious.

The Brain Pacemaker Essay -- Medical Science

Introduction The brain pacemaker is an interesting invention of the modern technology, it is a medical device that is fixed into the brain to send electroshock signals into the targeted tissues of the brain. This device is used to treat patients who suffer from Epilepsy, it controls their seizures, and helps Parkinson's disease patients better control their movements. Parkinson's disease affects the way you move. It happens when there is a problem with certain nerve cells in the brain. Plus, it treats major depression. What is it? It is a surgical treatment that involves the implantation of a medical device that is either placed in the brain or outside. It sends electrical impulses to specific parts of the brain. When it placed in the brain this treatment is called deep brain stimulation. And when it is placed out side the brain or near the spinal cord it is called spinal cord stimulation, there is another place where it can be placed outside which is around cranial nerves such as the vagus nerve and it is called vagus nerve stimulation. How it works? The doctor drills into the skull of the patient who remains awake during operation two holes, they are the size of a coin. Only that area is anesthetized to keep it numb during surgery. Surgeons then uses computed tomography (CT) scanning to locate the exact targeted area, and then implant two thin wires with electrode contacts near the Cg25 area of the brain. In the area where they believe is causing the patient's disorder. Generally, these targets are the thalamus, subthalamic nucleus, and globus pallidus. Then they stitch the loose end of the wires under the skin and attach it to the pacemaker device, which is fixed near the collarbone. In some cases it may be implante... ...rchers found that when Parkinson's patients received brain stimulation, they had trouble making hard decisions. ? Because the brain can shift slightly during surgery, there is the possibility that the electrodes can become displaced or dislodged this might cause some problems such as personality changes. ? There are other complications of surgery, such as bleeding within the brain. Conclusion The brain is the center of thought, emotion, memory, speech, and many more, and it is the most sophisticated organ in the human body. By it doctors were able to help patients who suffer from Epilepsy, Parkinson's disease and sever depressions by inserting a device called brain pacemaker. It has already helped many patients to overcome their problems. But scientists are still experimenting in making this device more advanced to reduce the number of risks it may cause. The Brain Pacemaker Essay -- Medical Science Introduction The brain pacemaker is an interesting invention of the modern technology, it is a medical device that is fixed into the brain to send electroshock signals into the targeted tissues of the brain. This device is used to treat patients who suffer from Epilepsy, it controls their seizures, and helps Parkinson's disease patients better control their movements. Parkinson's disease affects the way you move. It happens when there is a problem with certain nerve cells in the brain. Plus, it treats major depression. What is it? It is a surgical treatment that involves the implantation of a medical device that is either placed in the brain or outside. It sends electrical impulses to specific parts of the brain. When it placed in the brain this treatment is called deep brain stimulation. And when it is placed out side the brain or near the spinal cord it is called spinal cord stimulation, there is another place where it can be placed outside which is around cranial nerves such as the vagus nerve and it is called vagus nerve stimulation. How it works? The doctor drills into the skull of the patient who remains awake during operation two holes, they are the size of a coin. Only that area is anesthetized to keep it numb during surgery. Surgeons then uses computed tomography (CT) scanning to locate the exact targeted area, and then implant two thin wires with electrode contacts near the Cg25 area of the brain. In the area where they believe is causing the patient's disorder. Generally, these targets are the thalamus, subthalamic nucleus, and globus pallidus. Then they stitch the loose end of the wires under the skin and attach it to the pacemaker device, which is fixed near the collarbone. In some cases it may be implante... ...rchers found that when Parkinson's patients received brain stimulation, they had trouble making hard decisions. ? Because the brain can shift slightly during surgery, there is the possibility that the electrodes can become displaced or dislodged this might cause some problems such as personality changes. ? There are other complications of surgery, such as bleeding within the brain. Conclusion The brain is the center of thought, emotion, memory, speech, and many more, and it is the most sophisticated organ in the human body. By it doctors were able to help patients who suffer from Epilepsy, Parkinson's disease and sever depressions by inserting a device called brain pacemaker. It has already helped many patients to overcome their problems. But scientists are still experimenting in making this device more advanced to reduce the number of risks it may cause.

Manatees :: essays research papers

Manatee, common name for each of three species of a large water mammal, popularly called a sea cow because it grazes on marine grasses and other water plants. The Amazonian manatee ranges throughout the Amazon River basin in South America; the West African manatee occurs in rivers and coastal waters of tropical West Africa; and the West Indian, or Caribbean, manatee is found in rivers and coastal waters from the southeastern United States and the Gulf of Mexico to the Caribbean Sea and northeastern Brazil. An adult manatee has a rounded body, usually colored light to dark gray or black, that tapers to a horizontally flattened, rounded tail. It is 2.5 to 4.5 m (8 to 14 ft) long, depending on the species, and weighs 200 to 600 kg (440 to 1300 lb). The small head includes a straight snout and a cleft upper lip with bristly hairs. Its nostrils, set on the upper surface of the snout, are closed tightly by valves when the animal is under water. The paddlelike forelimbs are set close to th e head; no external hind limbs exist. Massive, heavy bones and long, narrow lungs, which extend through the entire body cavity, give the manatee evenly distributed buoyancy. A manatee cow gives birth about a year after mating; usually a single, pink calf is born.Manatees live in small family groups, although they occasionally travel in herds of 15 to 20. They feed in both freshwater and salt water, grazing for six to eight hours a day. An adult consumes an amount equal to between 5 and 10 percent of its body weight daily. Manatees have a slower metabolism than other mammals of similar size, which sharply reduces their energy requirements. This is especially important for Amazonian manatees when waters recede after floods, confining some for extended periods in shallow waters away from plants on river banks. Manatees have few natural enemies because of their size. However, their population has been reduced significantly by heavy hunting for hides, meat, and blubber oil, and they are frequently injured or killed in collisions with boats. Manatees :: essays research papers Manatee, common name for each of three species of a large water mammal, popularly called a sea cow because it grazes on marine grasses and other water plants. The Amazonian manatee ranges throughout the Amazon River basin in South America; the West African manatee occurs in rivers and coastal waters of tropical West Africa; and the West Indian, or Caribbean, manatee is found in rivers and coastal waters from the southeastern United States and the Gulf of Mexico to the Caribbean Sea and northeastern Brazil. An adult manatee has a rounded body, usually colored light to dark gray or black, that tapers to a horizontally flattened, rounded tail. It is 2.5 to 4.5 m (8 to 14 ft) long, depending on the species, and weighs 200 to 600 kg (440 to 1300 lb). The small head includes a straight snout and a cleft upper lip with bristly hairs. Its nostrils, set on the upper surface of the snout, are closed tightly by valves when the animal is under water. The paddlelike forelimbs are set close to th e head; no external hind limbs exist. Massive, heavy bones and long, narrow lungs, which extend through the entire body cavity, give the manatee evenly distributed buoyancy. A manatee cow gives birth about a year after mating; usually a single, pink calf is born.Manatees live in small family groups, although they occasionally travel in herds of 15 to 20. They feed in both freshwater and salt water, grazing for six to eight hours a day. An adult consumes an amount equal to between 5 and 10 percent of its body weight daily. Manatees have a slower metabolism than other mammals of similar size, which sharply reduces their energy requirements. This is especially important for Amazonian manatees when waters recede after floods, confining some for extended periods in shallow waters away from plants on river banks. Manatees have few natural enemies because of their size. However, their population has been reduced significantly by heavy hunting for hides, meat, and blubber oil, and they are frequently injured or killed in collisions with boats.

Anti Discriminatory Practice: Gender and sexism

Anti discriminatory practice is about taking positive action to counter discrimination. It is about being pro active and presenting positive images of the diversity of people that make up our society and also challenging any discriminatory or oppressive language and behaviour. There are several kinds of discrimination, such as more commonly known, racism, disablism and ageism. One of the things we do when meeting people is to make assumptions about them. This is partly based on how we see ourselves as similar or different to other people. We may respond to these similarities and differences positively or negatively. This booklet will be looking at gender inequality and how we can perhaps overcome and diverse the discrimination in sexism. SEXISM. The Sex Discrimination Act (SDA) is written in terms of discrimination against women but it applies equally to discrimination against men. These guidelines are written as if the discrimination applies to a woman but they should be read as also applying to a man. There are three types of discrimination which can apply to services. (Source from www. equalopportunitiescommission. o. uk). Direct sex discrimination Where a woman is treated less favourably than a man in similar circumstances because of her sex (s. 1 (1) (a) SDA). It is direct sex discrimination if: * financial institutions insist that a married woman who wants a loan must apply jointly with her husband (unless all married applicants are always required to apply jointly with their partners) Indirect sex discrimination Where a condition or requirement is applied equally to both women and men but, in fact, it adversely affects more women than men and is not genuinely necessary (s. 1 (1)(b) SDA). For example, it may be indirect sex discrimination if: * A mortgage provider only gives mortgages to people who work full-time. Although this condition would apply to both sexes it is likely to adversely affect more women than men since more women work part-time. Many part-time workers are in permanent, secure, well-paid jobs and some can earn more than full-timers, so a refusal to give mortgages or loans solely because the applicant works part-time is unreasonable. Victimisation Where a person has been treated less favourably compared to others because he/she made a complaint of sex discrimination. It also applies to those who assist the person. For example: A woman who took a sex discrimination claim under the employment provisions of the SDA against an amusement arcade was banned from using the facilities of the arcade. Witnesses who appeared for her at the employment tribunal were also banned. The woman and the witnesses would have a claim of victimisation against the owners of the arcade. (www. equalopportunitiescommission. co. uk) GENDER INEQUALITY. Sexism is a set of beliefs, practices and institutional structures which reinforces and is reinforced by patriarchy. A longstanding definition of sexism is: a deep rooted, often unconscious system of beliefs, attitudes and institutions in which distinctions between peoples intrinsic worth are made on the grounds of their sex and sexual roles (in Bullock and Stallybrass, 1977, p. 571). *†The achievement of equality between men and women is a matter of human rights and a condition of social justice†. Fourth UN World Conference on Women, Beijing, September 1995 (Department of Education and Employment, 1995). Sexism operates within a system of patriarchy. Patriarchy is one of the structural dimensions of society which is strongly associated with the sexist culture. This demeans and disempowers women and sows the seeds for the prejudice of women in terms of both attitudes and behaviour. Weber (1947) had used this concept to describe sexism. He used the term â€Å"the law of the father† to refer to the dominance of men within the family. The use of this term however, has been extended to describe the dominance of the males within the employment area and its reflection in the distribution of power. For example in the military forces, technology, universities, science, political and even religious sectors. (Such as the pope is and has always been male). So therefore, this suggests male dominance in most areas. Richard Webb and David Tossell (1999) report the following statements; *Women are an oppressed majority. *They represent up to 51% of the UK population, yet they do not have the same rights as men nor do they have the same access to resources as men do. * Women are less likely to obtain the same sort of jobs as men or positions of power. They earn less then men and are a lot more vulnerable to employment. They tend to be in less prestigious jobs and less secure forms of employment. This is mainly due to the discrimination that women are seen as the main â€Å"carer† role of the genders, being seen as the mother and the role to be the homemaker rather than the breadwinner, which is stereotypically seen as the male role. However, the biological differences within the roles are as such, that men are not able to conceive or give birth to children. Women, however do have that capability in being able to give birth and breast feed children. Barrett and McIntosh have argued that the family is oppressive to women and that it is an anti social institution. (Barrett and McIntosh 1982). They argue that the nuclear family promotes individualistic rather than social or collective values, and its privatised nature excludes those outside of it. *Women do more housework than men. The discriminatory process is known as structural sexism. This begins at birth and is maintained through childhood. Stereotypical roles are played within the family. While society is constantly changing and the attitudes towards equality are constantly being changed the ground in attitudes and beliefs are so firmly rooted the change is only very gradual. The gender role stereotyping in families are still abundant. For example, the mother stays at home to nurture the children whilst the father is out at work providing for the family. The girls tend to follow the role of the mother helping in household chores, such as cleaning and cooking, whilst the boys tend to follow the fathers role in helping fix the car or watching football! These social roles are defined within society, but because of the nature/nurture debate, they do appear to be biological differences and are therefore accepted and appreciated more easily. It is not just a matter of differences within the sexes. Abercrombie et al. 2000) argues that issues of gender (and gender inequality) now occupy a central place in sociological discussion. He quotes: â€Å"Gender is the social aspect of the differentiation of the sexes. Sociological discussion in this area recognises that social rather than biological processes are the key to understanding the position of women (and men) in society. Notions that a woman's biology, such as her capacity to bear children, determined the shape of her life have been replaced by complex debates as to how different social processes interact to produce a great variety of patterns of gender relations. Emphasis shifted towards understanding the diversity of the social practices which constitute gender in different nations, classes and generations. (p. 193). This statement clarifies that there are inevitable differences between the sexes. The roles that societies define are not going to change dramatically because of this huge, yet inconceivably big difference of males and females. Although the roles of women in society are changing in the aspects of work and relationships, the biological aspects of women are always going to remain the same. GENDER STEREOTYPING IN YOUTH GROUPS. The Brownie and Girl Guide Movement was set up as a youth group for girls. Originally, they were named the Rosebuds. The idea behind it was that the girls were fed up that the boys were allowed to have their own group, (the Boy Scouts) and the girls were left out of all the fun. The Rosebuds originally had to do menial feminine tasks, such as cooking, cleaning and sewing for the Scouts. Eventually the girls were not happy with the name Rosebuds and had the name changed to the Girl Guide Movement. The name Rosebuds in itself suggests the sexist views of women and girls, as the name is very feminine. The original tasks the girls had to do were based around helping the Boy Scouts, which also suggests the sexist way in which society viewed girls and women. The ideas and values which were instilled into the girls was that they were the homemakers. The Girl Guides had to make sure they always had their uniform clean and always came â€Å"prepared†. This still is a big motto within the movement. Years ago â€Å"being prepared† meant having certain items in your purse which included a safety pin and small sewing kit. This was not something the Boy Scouts had to do. The earning of badges is encouraged in the Movement as a way of setting up your independence for the future. However, the contrast in the types of tasks involved in the badges between the males and females are still quite divided. There are more homemaking badges within the girl guides, such as textiles, homemaking, which is the cleaning and organising of your home/bedroom for some weeks, childcare badge, tea badge, which involves the preparing of cakes, biscuits and tea for a fundraising event. These are still the most popular badges which are given out to the girl Guides. This is because the values and ideas within the movement have still not changed a huge deal from being the homemaker as they are females. The Movement now as it stands has changed immensely. The Girl Guide movement now encourages independence and camping as the Boy Scouts have been doing for many years. As a voluntary Youth Group the Girl Guide Movement empowers the girls to lead independent lives, encourages social relationships with both sexes, shows positive regard for each young person and provides opportunity for personal growth. This is quite a contrast from the once quite feminine ideas, role forming and principles which were once held. ANTI DISCRIMINATORY PRACTICE The way in which this is done is through a number of different policies that the youth leaders have all adhered to within the movement. The following are some suggested guidelines that could be given in order for the Youth group to be effectively run in a way that there may be less discrimination in the group. 1. Respecting individuality. 2. Trusting people 3. Encouraging good interpersonal and communication skills 4. Promoting positive social relationships 5. Young girls being involved in decision making 6. Providing a range of group work and social activities, including community involvement and more involvement within the Scouting activities. 7. The use of youth's meetings to enable people to have an opportunity to influence and assist with planning, especially the young females, who have been previously excluded from or uninvolved in other activities. 8. Principles of inclusion independence and enablement are key issues. Alongside these principles, a staff team that is working together, receiving supervision opportunities for learning and development, is required. Also to understand the need to work collaboratively by supporting multi professional and agency working. I feel that these policies are very important in all work. However with the involvement of young girls and women, it is important not to categorise their roles into somewhat of a homemaker role. To allow the girls to develop and flourish their own ideas and principles within the group they are involved and to develop these attitudes within their home environment is a positive way of diversing the discrimination females have within society.

Kennedy essays

Kennedy essays The 1960's proved to be a period of both social and political upheaval, whereby hippies, college students and the average American attempted to regain some control through their demonstrations. It was a time where the Government seized the rights of the people to maintain some stability in a period of social turmoil. An era in American history with political resistance from other nations was more important to bring stability to then how the American people felt about the whole situation. How could American citizens be fond of a government that does not pay attention to their needs? The only part of the Government that they were fond of was the Executive side of the government: President Kennedy. When our forefathers drew up the constitution, their main aim was to create a government "of the people, for the people, and by the people." However as our country developed, the government strived to control more aspects of its governing body. President Eisenhower warned Americans against the growing Military Industrial Complex in the 1950's, and his premonition proved to be accurate. In the movie JFK, the director Oliver Stone suggests the government was dictating the fate of the world without our consent. It suggests eight possible causes of Kennedys death: the CIA, weapons manufacturers, the Dallas police, the armed forces, the White House, the establishment press, renegade anti-Castro Cubans, and the Mafia. All of these groups have one common goal, to get revenge for their past maltreatment that Kennedy has bestowed upon them. Only the most dominant force could ever kill Kennedy, which in many public opinions was the White House. November 22, 1963 was a day that people will remember for the rest of their lives. John F. Kennedy was shot dead in Dallas, Texas while many adoring Americans watched with disbelief. How could this ever happen to the man that mean so much to our nation? Who could commit such a horrible act tha...

The Unsolved Case of the Zodiac Killer

The Unsolved Case of the Zodiac Killer The Zodiac Killer was a serial killer who stalked parts of Northern California from December 1968 through October 1969. Through a series of cryptic letters he sent to the press and others, he disclosed his motivation for the killings, offered clues to future murder plots, and adopted the nickname Zodiac. He took responsibility for murdering as many as 37 people, but police investigators have only confirmed five deaths and seven total attacks.   December 20, 1968   Betty Lou Jensen, 16, and David Arthur Faraday, 17, were parked at a secluded spot located on Lake Herman Road on the eastern side Vallejo, California. Witnesses noticed the young couple huddled together in the front seat of Faradays Rambler station wagon between around 10:15 and 11:00 p.m. Nothing about the couple seemed unusual to bystanders. But by 11:15 the scene had taken a tragic turn. The couple was discovered lying on the ground outside their bullet-riddled car. Betty Lou was found several feet from the car, dead from five gunshot wounds in the back. David was found closeby. He had been shot at close range in the head  but was still breathing. He died  en route to the hospital. Clues Detectives had few clues, aside from the fact that there was an earlier confrontation in the same area. Bill Crow and his girlfriend were parked in the same place as Faraday and Jensen just 45 minutes earlier. Crow told police that someone driving a white Chevy drove past them, stopped, and backed up. For unknown reasons, Crow sped away in the opposite direction. The Chevy turned around and followed the couple, but was unable to keep up after Crow made a sharp right turn at an intersection. Two hunters also reported seeing a white Chevy parked at a gravel turn-around on Lake Herman Road. They approached the car but did not see the driver inside. July 4, 1969   Darlene Elizabeth Ferrin, 22, and Michael Renault Mageau, 19, were parked at the Blue Rock Springs Golf Course in Benicia around midnight. The golf course was four miles from where Jensen and Faraday were gunned down. A car pulled up behind the couples car, blocking them from driving away. A man, who Mageau believed was a police officer, got out of his car holding a bright flashlight that obscured his face. As the stranger approached the drivers side of the car he immediately began shooting at the couple, firing five nine-millimeter rounds into the car. Both Ferrin and Mageau were shot. The shooter turned to leave  but came back after hearing shouts coming from Michael. He fired four more times. One bullet hit Michael and two struck Darlene. The shooter then got into his car and drove away. Within minutes after the attack, three teens came across the couple and hurried to get help. When authorities arrived both Ferrin and Mageau were still alive, but Ferrin died before reaching the hospital. Clues Michael Mageau survived the attack and was able to give a description of the shooter to authorities. He described the attacker as a short, heavyset white man, about 5 8 and around 195 pounds. The Call At 12:40 a.m. an anonymous male caller contacted the Vallejo Police Department and reported the double murder. During the call, he also said he was responsible for the Jensen and Faraday murders. Police traced the call and found it was made from a phone booth located just blocks from the police department and less than a mile from Darlene Ferrins home. The caller told police: I wish to report a double murder. If you will go one mile east on Columbus Parkway to a public park, you will find the kids in a brown car. They have been shot by a nine-millimeter Luger. I also killed those kids last year. Good-bye The Zodiac Letters On Friday, August 1, 1969, the first known Zodiac letters were received by three newspapers. The San Francisco Examiner, San Francisco Chronicle,  and Vallejo Times-Herald each received an almost identical letter written by a person who took credit for the attacks on the four teens. He also gave details about the murders and included one-third of a mysterious cipher in each letter. The self-proclaimed killer demanded that the three letters be published on the front page of each newspaper by that Friday afternoon or he would go on a rampage and randomly kill a dozen people over the weekend. The letters were signed with a crossed-circle symbol. The letters were published and efforts to untangle the messages in the ciphers began by authorities and citizens. August 4, 1969 Police investigators stated publicly that they had doubts as to the authenticity of the letters in an attempt to get the killer to contact them again. The plan worked. On August 4th, another letter arrived at the San Francisco Examiner. The letter began with the words that have since haunted many involved in the case: Dear Editor This is the Zodiac speaking... It was the first time the killer used the name Zodiac. In the letter, the Zodiac included information which proved he was present during the murders and a message that his identity was hidden inside the ciphers. August 8, 1969 A high school teacher and his wife cracked the 408-symbol cipher. The last 18 letters could not be decoded. The message read: I LIKE KILLING PEOPLE BECAUSE IT IS SO MUCH FUN IT IS MORE FUN THAN KILLING WILD GAME IN THE FORREST BECAUSE MAN IS THE MOST DANGEROUE ANAMAL OF ALL TO KILL SOMETHING GIVES ME THE MOST THRILLING EXPERENCE IT IS EVEN BETTER THAN GETTING YOUR ROCKS OFF WITH A GIRL THE BEST PART OF IT IS THAE WHEN I DIE I WILL BE REBORN IN PARADICE AND THEI HAVE KILLED WILL BECOME MY SLAVES I WILL NOT GIVE YOU MY NAME BECAUSE YOU WILL TRY TO SLOI DOWN OR ATOP MY COLLECTIOG OF SLAVES FOR MY AFTERLIFE EBEORIETEMETHHPITI. The fact that the code did not contain the killers identity was a disappointment to the police, however, some believe the letters can be rearranged (and three more letters added) to spell Robert Emmet the Hippie. September 27, 1969   College students, Cecelia Ann Shepard, 22, and Bryan Calvin Hartnell, 20, were picnicking on a peninsula at Lake Berryessa near Napa, Ca. A man carrying a semi-automatic pistol and wearing a hooded costume approached the couple. He told them that he was an escaped convict from a Montana prison where he killed a guard and stole a car and that he wanted money and their car to drive to Mexico. The couple was cooperating fully with his demands, offering him money and the car keys and the three talked for  a while. He instructed Shepard to hog-tie Bartnell with precut pieces of a clothesline that he supplied. He then tied up Shepard and told the couple, Im going to have to stab you  people, and took out a long double-edged knife and stabbed Hartnell six times and Shepard ten times. He left the couple for dead and walked casually back to Hartnells car where he drew a crossed-circle symbol in black magic marker on the side of the car and the dates of the attacks in Vallejo. A  fisherman  discovered the couple and called the police. Both victims were still alive, but it took over an hour for medical help to arrive. Shepard died two days later after lapsing into a coma. Hartnell survived and gave police a detailed account of the events as well as a description of the attacker. The Call At 7:40 p.m. an anonymous caller contacted the Napa County Police Department. He spoke to officer David Slaight in what was described as a low, monotone voice. He told Slaight: I want to report a murder - no, a double murder. They are two miles north of park headquarters. They were in a white Volkswagen Karmann Ghia... and ended the call with, Im the one who did it. As in the Vallejo case, the call was traced to a phone booth just a few blocks from the police department. October 11, 1969   San Francisco cab driver Paul Stine, 29, picked up a passenger in Union Square and drove to the wealthy area of Cherry Street and Nob Hill. It was there that the passenger shot Stine in the temple, killing him, then removed his wallet, car keys and carefully tore off a large portion of his shirt. Three youngsters witnessed the event from a second-floor window across from the parked taxi. They contacted the police and described the  shooter  as a  white male, 25 to 30 years old, stocky build and a crew cut. An intensive manhunt was immediately launched, but somehow there was a mistake made as to the killers race and the police were searching for a black male. How this mistake was made was never reported and no one was ever apprehended for the  crime. It was later determined that police drove by a large white male fitting the original description just blocks from the shooting, but because of his  race, the police did not consider him a suspect. October 14, 1969 The Chronicle received another letter from the Zodiac. A piece of Stines  blood-soaked  shirt was enclosed and the author referred to the Stine murder, saying the police failed to catch him because they did not search the area properly. He then pointed to his next intended victims, school children. October 22, 1969 A caller identifying himself as the Zodiac contacted the Oakland Police Department and demanded on-air time on the Jim Dunbar television talk show with F. Lee Bailey or Melvin Belli, both famous defense lawyers. Belli appeared on the show and a call from someone saying they were the Zodiac came in while the show was being televised. He said his real name was Sam and asked that Belli meet him in Daly City. Belli agreed but the caller never showed. It was later determined that the call was a hoax and the imposter was a  mental patient  at the Napa State Hospital. November 1969 On November 8 and 9, the Chronicle received two Zodiac letters. The first one was a 340-character cipher. The second letter was seven pages long and included another piece of Stines shirt. In the letter, he claimed the police had stopped and talked with him three minutes after he shot Stine. He also drew a schematic of what he referred to as his death machine which was made to blow up large objects such as buses. December 20, 1969 Melvin Belli received a Christmas card at his home which included another piece of Stines shirt. In the card the Zodiac claimed he wanted help from Belli, ending with: Please help me I can not remain in control for much longer. Attempts from Belli to get the Zodiac to contact him again were made, but nothing ever happened. Some speculate that the card was written during a moment of clarity, while others believe it was another attention-getting hoax on the part of the Zodiac. March 22, 1970 On the evening of March 22, 1970, Kathleen Johns, who was eight-months pregnant, was on her way to meet her mother. She had her ten-month-old daughter in the back seat of the car. While on Highway 132 in San Joaquin County, west of Modesto, Johns pulled over after a driver pulled up alongside her and indicated that something was wrong with her car. The driver pulled over and told Johns that her wheel was wobbling. He said he would tighten the wheel bolts, but instead loosened them, then returned to his car and drove off. When Johns pulled away her tire fell off. The man in the car was not far ahead and backed up and offered Johns a ride to a gas station. She agreed  but became frightened when he failed to stop  at several  gas stations. The ride took over three hours of what Johns described as, silent aimless driving around. She was able to escape with her child when the driver stopped at an intersection. Johns fled across a field and hid until she saw the man drive away. She received help from a passerby and was taken to the local police department in Paterson. While at the station she saw a  wanted poster  with a composite sketch of the Zodiac and identified the person as the man who kidnapped her. Her car was later found gutted and burned. Throughout the years, Johns account of the nights events has changed from her original statement, leading some to question her story.   This was the last time anyone ever reported seeing the Zodiac. April 20, 1970 The Zodiac sent a letter to the Chronicle which included a 13-character cipher, a diagram of a bomb he planned to use to blow up a school bus, and a statement that he was not responsible for the February 18, 1970, bombing of a police station in San Francisco. He ended the letter with a score  [Zodiac Symbol]10, SFPD0. Authorities interpreted the number ten as a body count.   April 28, 1970 A card was sent to the Chronicle with the words,  I hope you enjoy yourselves when I have my BLAST  along with the cross-circle symbol. On the back of the card, the writer threatened to use his bus bomb if the Chronicle failed to publish the April 20 letter he sent detailing his plans to blow up a school bus. He also requested that people begin wearing Zodiac buttons. June 26, 1970 A letter received  at  the Chronicle contained another 32-letter cipher. The author said he was upset that he had not seen people wearing Zodiac buttons. He took credit for another shooting  but gave no specifics. Investigators suspected it was the shooting death of Sgt. Richard Radetich a week earlier. Also included was a Phillips 66 map of the Bay area. A clock-like face was drawn around Mount Diablo with a zero at the top, the number three on the right side, six on the bottom and a nine of the left side.  Next  to the zero, he wrote,  is to be set to Mag.N. The map and the cipher were supposed to give the location of a bomb he buried that was set to go off the following fall. This letter was signed  [Zodiac Symbol]12. SFPD0. July 24, 1970 In this letter, also sent to the Chronicle, the Zodiac took credit for abducting Kathleen Jones four months earlier and described burning the car, a fact that only one local paper, the Modesto Bee, had printed. July 26, 1970 In this next letter, the Zodiac included his own twisted version of the song  Ive Got a Little List  from Gilbert Sullivans musical, The Mikado. In it, he described how he planned to collect and torture his slaves. Also drawn on the letter was a giant crossed-circle, a score notation of  13, SFPD  and the words, PS. The Mount Diablo Code concerns Radians # inches along the radians. In 1981, Zodiac researcher Gareth Penn figured out that when placing a radian angle over the map, it pointed to two locations where Zodiac attacks took place. October 5, 1970 Three months had passed without any further communication from the Zodiac. Then, a card written with cut-out letters from magazines and newspapers was sent to the Chronicle. The card bore 13 holes and indicated that there had been another Zodiac victim and that he considered himself crackproof. Originally considered as a hoax, certain letter configurations and the phrase crackproof later reappeared in confirmed Zodiac letters, adding new authenticity to this one. October 27, 1970 Paul Avery, the key reporter in the Zodiac case for the Chronicle, received a Halloween card which included a threat on Averys life. The letter was posted in its entirety on the front page of the Chronicle and days later Avery received another letter urging him to investigate the similarities between the known Zodiac murders and the murder of college student Cheri Jo Bates years earlier. A Step Back In Time - October 30, 1966   On October 30, 1966, Cheri Jo Bates, 18, was studying at the Riverside City College library annex until the library closed at 9 p.m. Investigators suspect that her Volkswagen parked outside the library was tampered with prior to her leaving the library. The distributor coil and the condenser had been pulled out and the middle wire of the distributor was disconnected. Police believe that when she tried to start the car the person who disabled it approached her and offered his help. Somehow he lured her into a secluded dark driveway which sat between two empty houses, where police believe the two sat for about an hour and a half. The man later attacked Bates, beating her, slashing at her face and cutting her a total of 11 times, seven of which nearly decapitated her. Clues found at the scene included a size 10 heel-print, a Timex watch with a torn seven-inch wristband displaying the time 12:23, fingerprints and a palm print, skin tissue underneath the victims fingernails and hair and blood in her hands. On November 29, 1966, two identical letters were sent to the Riverside Police and the Riverside Press-Enterprise by someone claiming to be responsible for killing Bates. The letters included a poem titled  The  Cofession[sic] which offered details of the murder that only the police and the killer knew about. The letters also included a warning that she was not the first or the last of his victims. Many interpreted the tone of the letter as very similar to that of the Zodiac letters mailed after the Vallejo murders. In December 1966 a custodian at the Riverside City College discovered a poem carved into the underside of a folding desk. The poem, titled  Sick of living/unwilling to die  had a tone similar to that of the Zodiac as well as handwriting which looked like some found in the Zodiacs letters. Some believe the author, who signed the poem with the initials rh was describing the murder of Bates. Other theorize that the letter was written by a student who had unsuccessfully tried to kill themselves. However, Sherwood Morrill, one of Californias top Questioned Documents examiners, was of the opinion that the true author of the poem was the Zodiac. Six months after the murder of Bates three nearly identical letters were received by the Riverside Press, the Riverside police  and  Cheri Jo Bates father. The letters all contained more postage than was necessary and two of the letters were signed with a symbol which looked like the letter Z next to the number three. The Zodiac letters sent in the 1970s all contained excessive postage, symbol-type signatures and the threat that more murders would follow. The two letters received by the newspaper and the police read: BATES HADTO DIETHERE WILLBE MORE Bates murder was never solved. The Riverside Police Department maintains that a local man was the key suspect, not the Zodiac, although the letters sent may have been written by him. March 17, 1971 A letter was sent to the Los Angeles Times because, as the writer put it,  they dont bury me on the back pages. In the letter, the Zodiac gave the police credit for making the Bates connection, but added that the police were still only finding the  easy ones  and that there were plenty more  out there.  The letter included the score,  SFPD-0 [Zodiac Symbol]-17. This was the only letter ever sent to the Los Angeles Times and the only one postmarked outside of San Francisco. March 22, 1971 Chronicle reporter Paul Avery received a postcard thought to be from the Zodiac in which he took credit for the case of a missing nurse, Donna Lass, from the Sahara Hotel and Casino. Lass was never seen again after treating her last patient at 1:40 a.m. on September 6, 1970. The following day her uniform and shoes, marked with dirt, were discovered in a paper bag in her office. Two calls were made, one to her employer and one to her landlord, by an unidentified caller who said Lass had a family emergency and had left town. The postcard that Avery received included a collage made up of lettering cut from newspapers and magazines and contained a picture of an ad of the condominium complex known as Forest Pines. The words,  Sierra Club, Sought Victim 12, peek through the pines, pass Lake Tahoe areas, round in the snow,  hinted at the location of where Lass body could be found. A search in the area turned up only a pair of sunglasses. Some believe the postcard was a forgery, perhaps the attempt of the real killer to make the authorities believe Lass was a Zodiac victim. However certain similarities such as the misspelling of Paul Averys name (Averly) and the use of a hole-punch had both become traits found in letters known to be from the Zodiac. Although it did not appear that  kidnapping  was a pattern of the Zodiac, but rather spontaneous random murders, if in fact, he was responsible for Johns abduction then possibly Donna Lass could also be a victim of the Zodiac. The  mystery  surrounding the case of Donna Lass was never solved, nor was her body ever located. The Pines postcard was the last communication received from the Zodiac for three years. In 1974 he resurfaced although this time he dropped his opening line,  This is the Zodiac speaking  and the cross-circle symbol signature from the letters. January 29, 1974 The Zodiac sent the Chronicle a letter describing the movie  The Exorcist  as  the best saterical comidy that I have ever seen.  It also included a part of a verse from The Mikado, a hieroglyph-type drawing and a threat that the letter had to be published or he would  do something nasty.  His signature score changed to read  Me-37 SFPD-0. May 8, 1974 The Chronicle received a letter from a concerned citizen complaining about the movie  Badlands  and asking the paper to stop advertising it. Although the Zodiac did not identify himself as the author of the letter, some felt the similarities of the tone and handwriting was unmistakably that of the Zodiac. July 8, 1974 A complaint letter regarding the conservative Chronicle columnist, Marco Spinelli who used the pen name, Count Marco was received at the newspaper and ended the letter with: Since the Count can write anonymously, so can I signed the Red Phantom (red with rage). Some believe the Zodiac sent the letter, others do not. Doubting that the letters were really authored by the Zodiac, police detective David Toschi sent them to the FBI Laboratory who responded that the letters were probably prepared by the writer of the Zodiac letters. No other communication was received from the Zodiac for another four years. April 24, 1978 A letter was sent to the Chronicle and given to reporter Duffy Jennings, Paul Averys replacement after he went to work at the San Francisco Examiner. Duffy contacted Detective David Toschi, who had worked on the Zodiac case since the Stine murder and was the only remaining San Francisco Police Department (SFDP) investigator working the case. Toschi turned the letters over to John Shimoda of the U.S. Postal Service crime laboratory to verify if the letters were authored by the Zodiac instead of giving them to the chief examiner for the Questioned Documents Division of the SFPD. Why he made that decision is unknown, however, Shimoda did verify that the letter was authored by the Zodiac. Four experts three months later declared the letter a hoax. At that time Toschi was in the middle of a political battle and looking at possibly replacing the current chief of police. For all of those who adored Toschi, many just wanted him to go away. When it became known that the letters were a hoax, many pointed the finger at Toschi, believing he had forged the letter. The suspicions about Toschi  forging  the Zodiac letter was based on an earlier incident involving columnist Armistead Maupin, who was writing a series for the Chronicle called,  Tales of the City.  He received a lot of fan mail for the series and in an effort to verify that the letters were legitimate he became suspicious that Toschi had written some of them under fake names. Maupin made the decision to do nothing about it at the time, but when the forged Zodiac letter surfaced, Maupin thought it was possible Toschi was responsible and reported the fake fan letters and his suspicions to Toschis superiors. Toschi eventually admitted to writing the fan letters, but always denied the implications that he forged the Zodiac letter and insisted the rumors were politically motivated. The Toschi incident is just one example of the many bizarre twists the Zodiac investigation has taken over the years. More than 2,500 suspects have been investigated without anyone ever being charged. Detectives continue to receive telephone calls weekly with tips, theories​,  and speculation. The  case  remains open in some jurisdictions, but the San Francisco Police Department has designated it  unsolved  and inactive.